CSU Extension Home Agriculture at Colorado State University Cooperative Extensioin
Putting Knowledge to Work Colorado State University Extension
4-H/YouthAgricultureFamily ConsumerHorticultureNatural ResourcesNutrition ResourcesCounty OfficesHome

no. 1.620

Breeder Heifer Terminology

S.E. Myers1

Quick Facts...

  • Breeding heifer judging involves making decisions based on visual observation and often is combined with individual performance traits and/or expected progeny differences.
  • Making decisions based on visual observations will help determine which animals stay in the breeding herd (selection) and/or which sires will be mated to which dams.
  • When you have an understanding of the terms in this fact sheet, you will be able to completely describe all of the important points of a class of breeding heifers.

Breeding heifer judging involves making decisions based on visual observation and often is combined with individual performance traits and/or expected progeny differences. These decisions help determine which animals stay in the breeding herd (selection) and/or which sires will be mated to which dams. The terminology found below will help youth develop their livestock vocabulary. As you look over the terms, try to picture an animal with the characteristics described by the terminology. When you have an understanding of these terms, you will be able to completely describe all of the important points of a class of breeding heifers. If you are uncertain about the exact meaning of a term or phrase, ask your coach, parent, 4-H leader, volunteer or Colorado State University Extension agent.

Priorities for Judging Breeding Heifers

  • Muscle and Volume
  • Structural Correctness
  • Growth (Performance)
  • Balance
  • Correctness of Condition

Muscle Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Heavier muscled Light muscled
Naturally thicker Narrow tracking
More volume of muscle Narrow topped
Wider tracking Flat quarter
Has more top Shallow quarter
More dimension to her top  
Thicker rumped  
Thicker quartered  
More thickness from hooks to pins  


Volume Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Bigger (higher) volumed Low volumed
More overall dimension and capacity Narrow chested
Broodier Flat ribbed
Wider chested Tight ribbed
Bolder hearted Shallow bodied
Bolder sprung Tight in her fore rib
More spring of rib  
Deepest and fullest in her rib  
More spring and dimension to her rib  
More depth to her rib and flank  


Structural Correctness Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Structurally more correct Poorest structured
Longer (freer) striding Short (tight) stride
Sounder striding Straight shouldered
Easier moving Toes out up front
More desirable slope of shoulder Straight in the hock
Moved with more flex to her hock Post legged
Traveled truer off her rear (front) legs Straight pasterned
More correct (desirable) set to her hock Sickle hocked
Stands wider and squarer behind Narrow tracking
More functional appearing Cow hocked
Leveler from hooks to pins Low at her pins
Heaviest boned Light (fine) boned
Larger footed  


Growth (Performance) Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Larger framed (ONLY when appropriate) Smaller framed
Appeared to be faster growing Appeared pounds light
Growthier appearing Early maturing
Longer patterned (bodied, fronted) Lower W.D.A. in class
More moderately framed Short bodied (fronted)
More sensible in her size More extreme in her frame (to big)
More conservative in her frame  


Growth (Performance) Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Highest quality Plain (unattractive)
More stylish (eye appealing) Ill made
More balance (symmetry) Poor balanced
Nicer profiling Breaks behind the shoulder
Cleaner patterned Easy (weak) topped
More refined head Short fronted
Longer necked Heavy fronted
Cleaner fronted Low headed
Smoother shouldered Heavy brisket
Neck blends smoother into her shoulder Coarse shouldered
Lays neater and tighter in the shoulder Weak topped
Stronger topped Steep rumped
Leveler hipped (rump) High tailhead
Leveler and squarer from hooks to pins Large naveled
Cleaner naveled More correct vulva size and placement  


Correctness of Condition Terminology

Advantages Criticisms
Easier fleshing (keeping) Heavier conditioned
Better doing Harder fleshing
Easier maintaining Harder doing
Lighter conditioned Heavier brisket
Trimmer patterned Wasty through her udder
1S.E. Myers, Colorado State University Extension youth livestock specialist, animal sciences.

Go to top of this page.

AnswerLink | Employment | Other Links | Publications | Staff Resources | Site Search
CSU Home | RamPoint | About Us | Calendar | Staff Directory | Webmaster
Disclaimer | Equal Opportunity | Non-Discrimination Statement