no. 7.423 |
Trees and Shrubs for Mountain Areas
by J. Klett, L. Vickerman and I. Shonle1 (4/05)Quick Facts...
- Consider the length of the growing season, soil characteristics and exposure before selecting trees and shrubs for specific sites.
- Plant trees in the spring.
- Plant shrubs in the spring or late summer.
- Mulch the root area to help delay freezing of the soil in the fall and to retain soil moisture.
This fact sheet discusses non-native trees and shrubs for mountain areas
above 6,500 feet. For native trees and shrubs for Colorado landscapes
please refer to fact sheets 7.421 and 7.422. For recommendations for lower
altitudes, see fact sheets 7.418, Small Deciduous Trees; 7.419,
Large Deciduous Trees; 7.414, Evergreen Shrubs; and 7.403,
Evergreen Trees.
The dividing line for a wide variety of trees appears to be at or near
7,500 ft. in Colorado. Above this elevation, consider locally native species
for landscaping. Tables 1 and 2 include non-native trees and shrubs hardy
for various elevations above 6,500 feet.
Selection
Use the list of shrubs and trees from the following tables as a guide to select those most adaptable to local elevation and exposure. These lists do not take into consideration the different microclimates and soil conditions possible at a given elevation. Cultural factors to take into consideration include:
- Soil moisture and drainage. The following tables include a notation on moisture and drainage conditions for best performance and survival.
- Exposure. Some plants perform better in the shade, others in full sun. Exposure to wind can also determine whether a tree or shrub will survive at higher elevations.
- Length of frost-free period. Some shrubs may survive at a given elevation but may not produce flowers or fruit due to a short frost-free period.
When purchasing trees from a nursery, attempt to find out where the stock
was grown. Stock originating from southern and Pacific Coast sources may
be less hardy even though it is sold under the same name as stock from
northern nurseries. Where possible, select nursery stock originating from
northern areas.
Establishment
In mountain areas, the best time to plant trees and shrubs is as early
in spring as the soil can be worked, provided that your planting stock
is fully dormant. Leafed-out plants should be planted after the last frost,
up until mid-August. The condition of nursery stock at planting time is
important because most is grown below 6000 feet. New growth may not be
hardened enough to withstand the conditions at higher elevation at planting
time. Acclimate smaller plants by gradually exposing them to mountain
conditions over a period of several days or weeks. Bring them outdoors
for longer periods of time each day.
Containerized shrubs (shrubs grown in pots) can be planted anytime spring
through late summer (late August to early September, depending on elevation)
in order to allow some root establishment before the ground freezes.
Use organic mulches, such as pine needles, shredded bark or wood chips,
around the plant to delay freezing of the soil in the fall and to prolong
root development. Mulch 3 to 4 inches deep over the root area to provide
an effective insulation against early freezes and to help retain soil
moisture. To reduce the potential for insect, disease and rodent damage,
avoid applying mulch directly in contact with tree trunks and woody stems.
Most containerized shrubs are grown in a soilless media. Amending the
backfill 10 to 20 percent by volume with organic material may be beneficial
because of the differences between the container media and the native
soil.
Gravelly soils that are too loose or clay soils that are too tight can
be improved with organic material such as compost, sphagnum peat, aged
manure, or a combination of these amendments. Work amendments into the
soil where the tree or shrub will be planted. In areas where multiple
shrubs will be planted, it is best to amend the entire area.
Tables 1 and 2 indicates the relative moisture needs of trees and shrubs
for mountain areas. Plant species with similar water needs in the same
general area. Do not mix trees and shrubs with widely different water
needs.
Snow cover can be an excellent mulch. It allows root growth to occur
even during some periods of the winter. Encourage snow to drift over the
root zone of young plants by using temporary snow fences in appropriate
locations. In general, snow accumulation is best around a tree or shrub
if the fence is placed on the upwind side of the tree or shrub.
Wrap trunks of young, thin-barked deciduous trees with a commercial tree wrap in the fall to prevent sunscald. Wrap from the base up to the first or second main branch and tie or tape it there. Remove the wrap in spring. Repeat annually until bark thickens. Some fencing or protection against elk, deer and rodents may also be needed.
Tree and Shrub Selection
Table 1 lists trees for mountain areas; Table 2 lists shrubs for mountain areas.
| Table 1. Trees for mountain areas. | |||||
| Scientific name Common name |
Planting Elevation
in feet |
Exposure1
|
Moisture2
|
Mature Size3
H’ x W’ |
Comments |
| Acer ginnala Amur or Ginnala maple |
To 8,500
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
15-20’ x
10-15’ |
Available in single stem or clump form. Orange-red fall color. Fragrant flowers. Showy winged seeds in late summer persist into winter. Needs a pH less than 7.5 or may develop iron chlorosis. |
| Acer tataricum Tatarian maple |
To 8,500
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
15-20’ x 15-20’
|
Available in single stem or clump form. Yellow fall color. Red winged seeds in late summer. More tolerant of high pH soils. |
| Alnus glutinosa European alder |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
H
|
40-45’ x
20-25’ |
Oval to pyramidal habit. No fall color. Showy spring
catkins. Fruit similar to small pinecone. Good choice for wet sites. |
| Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow serviceberry |
To 8,000
|
PS
|
M
|
15-20’ x
10-15’ |
Rounded habit. Multi-stemmed large shrub or single-stemmed
small tree. Small, white, fragrant spring flowers appear before foliage.
Edible blue fruits midsummer; attractive to birds. Orange-red fall
color. |
| Celtis occidentalis Common hackberry |
To 7,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
45-50’ x
25-35’ |
Rounded habit. Distinctive warty bark. Wind and snow
tolerant. Leaves prone to hackberry nipplegall. |
| Crataegus ambigua Russian hawthorn |
To 9,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
15-20’ x
15-20’ |
Rounded to irregular habit. Showy white flowers in spring. Red persistent fruit in late summer. Deeply lobed leaves. Short stiff thorns. Yellow to orange fall color. |
| Crataegus crus-galli Cockspur hawthorn |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
15-20’ x
15-25’ |
Broad, dense, rounded habit. Showy white flowers in spring. Dark, glossy green leaves. Persistent red fruit in late summer. Yellow-orange fall color. Long, narrow thorns. The variety inermis is thornless. |
| Crataegus x mordenensis ‘Toba’ Toba hawthorn |
To 8,500
|
FS
|
L - M
|
15’ x
12-15’ |
Upright rounded habit. Very showy fragrant double white flowers fade to pink. Small persistent red fruit. Thornless. |
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash |
To 7,500
|
FS
|
L - M
|
35-45’ x
30-40’ |
Rounded to irregular habit. Medium green foliage turns yellow in fall. Female plants bear profuse winged seeds. The cultivar ‘Patmore’ may be hardy to 8,000’, and is seedless (male). |
| Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky coffeetree |
To 7,500
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
40’ x 25’
|
Irregular to rounded habit. Coarse, stout branches. Large bipinnately compound leaves. Greenish-white fragrant flowers on female trees, followed by large, leathery, brown seed pods. |
| Malus ‘Dolgo’ Dolgo crabapple |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
M
|
20-30’ x
20-25’ |
Broad, open habit. Pink buds open to white flowers.
Large red fruit does not persist. Yellow-orange fall color. |
| Malus ‘Radiant’ Radiant crabapple |
To 8,000
possibly 8,500’ |
FS
|
M
|
20-25’ x
15-20 |
Dense rounded habit. Foliage opens purple-red, then turns bronze-green. Deep pink flowers followed by persistent, small red fruit. Yellow-orange fall color. |
| Malus ‘Spring Snow’ Spring Snow crabapple |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
M
|
20-25’ x 15-20’
|
Oval to rounded, dense habit. Bright green foliage. Single, white, fragrant flowers seldom set fruit. |
| Malus ‘Thunderchild’ Thunderchild crabapple |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
M
|
15’ x 10’
|
Upright, spreading habit. Purple foliage. Pink flowers followed by purple fruit which does not persist. Valued for foliage color. |
| Populus alba White or silver poplar |
To 8,500
|
FS
|
M - H
|
70’ x 50’
|
Broad spreading habit. Dark green maple-like leaves are white underneath. Yellow fall color. May sucker from roots. Fast growing. |
| Populus tremula ‘Erecta’ Upright European aspen |
To 8,500
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
50’ x 15’
|
Narrow, columnar habit. Dark green leaves tremble like native aspen. Yellow-orange fall color. |
| Prunus virginiana ‘Schubert’ Schubert chokecherry |
To 8,500
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
20-25’ x
15-20’ |
Oval, rounded habit. Suckering tree with dense, slender branches. Leaves emerge green and change to purple-red. Pendulous white flowers followed by reddish-purple fruit clusters, attracts birds. |
| Prunus cerasifera ‘Newport’ Newport plum |
To 7,000
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
15’ x |10-15’
|
Broad oval to rounded crown. Reddish foliage throughout
season. Pink to white flowers in spring. Seldom sets fruit. |
| Pyrus ussuriensis Ussurian pear |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
L
|
30-40’ x
25-30’ |
Rounded habit. Dark green leaves turn orange-red in
fall. White flowers produce sparse fruit. Thorns. |
| Salix alba White willow |
To 7,500
|
FS
|
H
|
30-40’ x
20-30’ |
Vase shaped to rounded with yellow branches. Narrow bright green leaves turn yellow in the fall. A weeping form ‘Tristis’ is also available. |
| Sorbus aucuparia European mountainash |
To 8,500
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
15-25’ x
15-20’ |
Upright, rounded growth habit. Dark green leaves turn red-orange in fall. White flowers followed by orange-red persistent fruit. |
| Syringa reticulata Japanese tree lilac |
To 7,000-7,500
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
15’-20’ x 10-15’
|
Rounded small tree or large shrub. Deep green leaves turn yellow in fall. Fragrant, creamy white flowers appear in early summer. |
| 1 Exposure: FS= Full Sun, PS= Part Shade 2 Moisture requirement: L= Low, M= Moderate, H=High 3 These are general height and width estimates. At higher elevations, woody plants will probably be somewhat smaller due to the shorter growing season. |
|||||
| Table 2. Shrubs for mountain areas. | |||||
| Scientific name Common name |
Planting Elevation
in feet |
Exposure1
|
Moisture2
|
Mature Size3
H’ x W’ |
Comments |
| Aronia arbutifolia Red chokeberry |
To 7,500
|
FS to PS
|
M - H
|
4-6’ x
2-4’ |
Upright, suckering habit. Dark green foliage turns red in fall. White flowers followed by bright red fruit that attracts birds. Prefers soils with higher organic content. |
| Aronia melanocarpa Black chokeberry |
To 8,000-8,500
|
FS to PS
|
M - H
|
3-5’ x
2-5’ |
Upright, suckering habit. Deep green glossy leaves turn purple-red in fall. White flowers followed by purple-black fruit that attracts birds. Prefers soils with higher organic content. |
| Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry |
To 7,500-8,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
2-5’ x
2-5’ |
Rounded, dense habit with thorny stems. Small leaves with orange-red fall color. Small yellow flowers followed by red persistent fruit. Many varieties have purple-red foliage throughout the growing season; some of these are shorter in size. |
| Caragana arborescens Siberian peashrub |
To 10,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
6-10’ x 4-6’
|
Upright growth habit with olive-green or golden twigs. Small leaves. Pea-like yellow flowers in the spring. Good windbreak. |
| Cotoneaster lucidus (C. acutifolius) Peking or Hedge cotoneaster |
To 10,000
|
FS to PS
|
L
|
5-8’ x 4-6’
|
Upright arching shrub. Dark glossy green leaves turn orange-red in fall. Small pink to white flowers followed by persistent black fruit that attracts birds. Tolerates poor soils. |
| Euonymus alatus Burning bush |
To 7,500
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Flat-topped rounded shrub; branches have corky “wings.” Dark green foliage turns bright red in fall. Inconspicuous flowers followed by four-lobed fruit. |
| Forsythia x hybrida Forsythia |
To 7,500
|
FS
|
M
|
4-6’ x 6-8’
|
Rounded, arching habit. Golden yellow flowers bloom before foliage emerges. ‘Meadowlark’, ‘Northern Gold’ and ‘Northern Sun’ are more cold-hardy cultivars. |
| Juniperus horizontalis Creeping juniper |
To 7,000
|
FS
|
L
|
1-2’ x 4-6’
|
Low, spreading habit. Evergreen foliage often blue-green turning purplish in winter. Numerous cultivars vary in height and foliage color. |
| Juniperus sabina Savin juniper |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
1-4’ x 4-6’
|
Spreading branches grow upright from center. Evergreen foliage is green, turning somewhat brown in winter. Numerous cultivars vary in height and growth habit. |
| Ligustrum vulgare ‘Cheyenne’ Cheyenne privet |
To 7,500
|
FS to PS
|
L
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Upright dense habit. Dark green glossy leaves. White flowers in early summer followed by glossy black fruit that is attractive to birds. Good hedge plant. |
| Lonicera korolkowii Blueleaf honeysuckle |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L
|
6’ x 4-6’
|
Arching, spreading growth habit. Blue-green foliage. Masses of pink flowers followed by red berries in late summer. Aphid resistant. |
| Philadelphus lewisii Lewis mockorange |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
4-6’ x 4-5’
|
Upright, rounded shrub with reddish-brown twigs. Large, white fragrant flowers in early summer. |
| Physocarpus opulifolius Common ninebark |
To 8,500
|
FS
|
L - M
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Upright arching growth habit, with bark that shreds in paper-thin layers. White flowers followed by pink to brownish fruit. Many cultivars have foliage from yellow to purple-red. |
| Prunus tomentosa Nanking cherry |
To 8,500
|
FS
|
L - M
|
6-8’ x 6-8’
|
Upright, spreading shrub with peeling bark. Dark green, fuzzy leaves. Pink-white, fragrant flowers followed by small, red edible fruit that attracts birds. |
| Prunus x cistena Purpleleaf sand cherry |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
M
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Erect growth with suckering habit. Purple-red foliage throughout season. Small pink flowers seldom set fruit. |
| Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac |
To 7,500
|
FS
|
L - M
|
8-12’ x 6-8’
|
Suckering shrub with stout branches covered by velvet-like hairs. Bright green compound leaves turn red-purple in fall. Persistent fuzzy red fruits develop on female plants. |
| Ribes alpinum Alpine currant |
To 9,000
|
FS to PS
|
L
|
3-4’ x 3-4’
|
Upright to rounded growth. Insignificant yellow flowers with few fruit. Good as a low hedge. |
| Rosa spp. Roses |
To 8,000-10,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
Varies with type
|
Harison’s rose has once-blooming, double yellow flowers. Red-leafed rose (Rosa glauca) has pink single flowers and plum colored foliage. The Explorer and Parkland series roses from Canada are also very cold hardy. Many Rosa rugosa selections and Alba roses are also quite hardy. Rugosa roses prefer neutral to acidic soil. |
| Sambucus canadensis Elderberry |
To 8,000
|
FS
|
M-H
|
6-8’ x 6-8’
|
Rounded shrub with suckering habit. Bright green compound leaves. Clusters of white flowers in early summer followed by blue-black berries that attract birds. |
| Sorbaria sorbifolia Ash-leaf spirea Ural falsespirea |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
M
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Stiff upright growth with suckering habit. Fern-like leaves turn yellow in fall. White plume-like flowers in mid-summer. |
| Spiraea x vanhouttei Vanhoutte spirea |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
4-6’ x 4-6’
|
Graceful shrub with long, arching branches. Small white flowers cover shrub in spring. Blue-green foliage turns orange-red in fall. |
| Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry, buckbrush |
To 7,500
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
3-5’ x 3-5’
|
Oval to rounded shrub with dark green leaves that turn reddish in the fall. Tiny white to pink flowers produce persistent purple-red fruit. |
| Syringa vulgaris Common lilac |
To 9,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
6-8’ x 4-6’
|
Upright, vase-shape shrub. Thick, heart-shaped leaves. Fragrant flowers in early summer. Many cultivars available with different flower colors and growth habits. |
| Syringa x prestoniae Preston or Canadian lilac |
To 9,000
|
FS
|
L - M
|
6-8’ x 4-6’
|
Oval shrub with upright branches. Dense clusters of fragrant flowers in early summer. Many cultivars available with different flower colors. |
| Viburnum lantana Wayfaringtree viburnum |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
6-8’ x 6-8’
|
Rounded shrub. Leathery gray-green leaves turn purple-red in fall. White flowers followed by red fruit that turns black in late summer and attracts birds. |
| Viburnum lentago Nannyberry viburnum |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
8-10’ x 6-8’
|
Upright, arching branches develop oval shape. Shiny, dark-green leaves turn red-purple in fall. White flowers produce blue-black fruit that attracts birds. |
| Viburnum opulus European cranberrybush |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
8-10’ x 8-10’
|
Upright, arching habit. Maple-shaped leaves turn orange-red in fall. White flowers followed by persistent red fruit that attracts birds. Many cultivars available, including a sterile form called ‘European snowball’. | |
| Viburnum trilobum American cranberrybush |
To 8,000
|
FS to PS
|
L - M
|
6-8’ x 4-6’
|
Upright, arching habit. Maple-like leaves turn deep red-purple in fall. White flowers followed by red fruits that attracts birds. |
| 1 Exposure: FS= Full Sun, PS= Part Shade 2 Moisture requirement: L= Low, M= Moderate, H=High 3 These are general height and width estimates. At higher elevations, woody plants will probably be somewhat smaller due to the shorter growing season. |
|||||
1 J4J. Klett, Colorado State University Extension landscape and horticulture specialist; L. Vickerman, Extension county director and horticultrue agent, El Paso County; and I. Shonle, Extension county director, Gilpin County. 4/05.
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