Quick Facts...
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Figure 1: Wetwood slime.
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Figure 2: Dried slime.
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- Bacterial wetwood is a common disease that affects the central core or bark of many shade and forest trees.
- Slime is the exudate generated from wetwood and is toxic to growing areas of the tree.
- Several Insects commonly feed on this slime.
- Wetwood-infected tissue does not greatly alter the wood strength of most trees.
- Prevention of tree stress is the best management approach. Effective control measures do not exist.
Bacterial wetwood is a common disease that affects the central core of many shade and forest trees. In Colorado, the disease is most prevalent in elm, cottonwood, aspen and willow. The disease also affects species of ash, fir, maple, birch, hickory, beech, apple, mulberry, oak, sycamore, poplar, cherry, plum and linden.
Causal Organism
Several bacteria, including species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, often are associated with wetwood. It has not been conclusively demonstrated that these bacteria cause the disease, but they are directly involved.
Symptoms
Symptoms of this disorder include a yellow-brown discoloration of the
wood, generally confined to the central core of the tree. This affected
wood is wetter than surrounding wood and is under high internal gas pressure.
The gas pressure and high moisture content cause an oozing or bleeding
of slime from wood and branch crotches. The ooze often is foul-smelling,
slimy, and colonized by yeast organisms when exposed to air (Figure 1).
When the slime dries, it leaves a light gray to white crust on the bark
(Figure 2). Orange shinny ooze on aspens is usually from insect borer
damage not wetwood.
Wetwood slime is toxic to the cambium, the tissue between the inner bark and wood that produces new cells. It can prevent or retard callus formation when the tree has been wounded or destroy the cambium at the base of a pruning cut (Figure 3). Foliage, young shoots and grass die if slime flux drips on them.
Wetwood also can be found just under the bark as dark streaks in the
current season's wood or as a discoloration in several annual rings within
the spring wood. This cambial or "surface" wetwood is common
on drought-stressed cottonwoods and globe willows. Root tissue also can
exhibit wetwood symptoms as brown streaks extending from the diseased
trunk into the center core and sometimes the outer wood of roots. On globe
willows, white foam commonly is seen in affected areas.
Radial cracks may also occur in wetwood-affected trees (Figure
1). These cracks probably develop during winter months. If the cracks extend to the cambium, they serve as avenues for slime and gas to escape. The slime also will kill the surrounding cambium.
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Figure 3: Retarded callus formation.
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The buildup of gas pressure is a by-product of bacterial activity. In elms, it consists mainly of methane and nitrogen. Recent studies show the highest gas pressure occurs in elms from May through August.
Wetwood-infected tissue slightly alters the strength properties of the wood. However, it inhibits the development of wood-rotting fungi, which are unable to grow in the affected wood because of lower oxygen content. Wetwood also causes warpage and splitting problems when boards cut from affected trees are dried.
Transmission
Bacteria associated with wetwood are common in soil and water and probably enter trees through root wounds. Where oozing occurs, the bacteria could be transferred to a new stem or branch wounds. Wetwood also may occur in seedlings that develop from infected seeds or from infected parent material in vegetatively propagated plants.
Management
No effective methods exist to eliminate wetwood disease. Preventing damage
and stress to a tree's roots and stem is the best way to avoid a serious
wetwood problem. Drought conditions increase wetwood problems, so it is
important that the tree receives adequate water, especially during spring
and summer months.
Recently transplanted trees may ooze slime if roots are not established and cannot supply adequate water. Fertilizing wetwood-infected trees is recommended if the tree shows nutrient deficiencies.
To help prevent disease spread within an infected tree, keep any injection
holes shallow so they do not reach the inner wetwood core. If they do
reach this core, the bacteria can spread outward. Drain tubes can help
release pressure in those trees where wetwood is confined to inner cores
-- the slime oozes out the tube instead of somewhere else. However, this
creates another wound that allows the bacteria to spread outward. This
practice also introduces more oxygen into the tree's system and can possibly
allow wood decay. Thus, drain tubes are not recommended.
In trees affected with cambial wetwood just below the bark, cut away the dead bark areas to allow for better wound closure. Remove discolored bark down to the wood and margins of the healthy yellow-green cambium. If this area exceeds 30 percent to 50 percent of the trunk circumference, the tree may not close the wound or be an aesthetically pleasing tree. If, however, the area is small, shape with clean, smooth edges.
Associated Insects
Several Insects commonly visit the oozing slime and feed on it. Various flies and sap beetles often are seen on the slime. Larval stages of these Insects may develop within the wounded area. Among the most striking Insects that visit oozing slime are bumble flower beetles, a hairy species of June beetle that sometimes clusters in large numbers. None of the Insects that visit slime flux wounds are known to transmit the bacteria and there is no need to control them.
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